Dance with the Affiliate Market Leader

You probably all heard about "Dance with the wind". That is exactly how I came of the title of this article. By "leader", I mean those leading affiliate programs, like Google Adsense in (Cost-Per-Click) CPC programs, Amazon in CPS (Cost-Per-Sales) programs and so on.

Nowadays, many website owners complain about strict rules of Google Adsense and low referrer rate of Amazon. In their mind, Google Adsense is dead. Amazon is lead. As a result, they tend to switch to other alternatives that have relatively looser requirements or have a much higher commission rate, which they managed to find in such places as clickbank and other advertisement proxies. Nevertheless, the best news I've heard about is that some of these alternative programs have a mediocre performance, but far from outstanding. On the other hand, however those webmasters who stick to traditional giants such as Google Adsense and Amazon continue to share with us their successful stories. Personally, I strongly suggest that we dance with the leader. The major reasons are as follows.

First of all, the leading affiliate programs are far more advanced in advertising technology. We could always hear exciting news about technique innovation or new advertising tools from them. Take Google as an example, there are hardly any competitors in the advertising world that even come close to its technique. Recently, it just acquired AdMod to strengthen its influence in mobile advertising market, which brings new ad publishing choices for webmasters. It also collaborates with Amazon to allow bloggers to easily plug in Amazon ads in blogs.

Second, the leading affiliate programs know the most appropriate rate. Based on their rich experience in advertising industry, they have a good command of knowledge to charge a most appropriate price for advertisers and distribute a fair share of ad revenue to website publishers, no more no less. On the contrary, some unknown affiliate programs set a ridiculously high commission rate to attract webmasters. Word of advice, don't be fooled by their high rate. Think about where your ad revenue comes from. If you always bear in mind that any ad revenue you may have comes from advertisers, you'll be more rational when choosing which affiliate program to participate in, since the advertisers are not fools, either. Besides, the high commission rate often means that the choice of ad type is quite limited and quality of ad is rather poor.

Last but not least, the leading affiliate programs are more likely to have a very low probability of default. A significant part of assets of leading companies are composed by intangible assets, which is closely related to their reputation. If you look at Google's balance sheet it reports to shareholders every quarter, you could get a better idea of that. That's why those leading companies are always quite aware of their reputation. Therefore, it's quite unlikely that they default on affiliating commissions payable to webmasters at the expense of their public image. However, those affiliate programs sitting in the corner are different. They probably don't care about reputation whatsoever. Instead, short-term profits are most vital to them. When something unfavorable, such as cash crisis, happens, it's not a bad idea for them to disappear completely without paying out a penny.

In summary, I strongly believe those leading affiliate programs, such as Google Adsense, Amazon and so on, are more worthy of your effort, in terms of sharing the benefit of their technology advantage, securing a fair market return and protecting your ad income.

Why Your Google Adsense Earnings Drop

Not a long time ago I saw a guy opened a post in a famous webmaster forum, asking why his Google Adsense earnings were dropping gradually overtime, whereas at the same time his traffic remained almost the same and his site underwent not a single change. Well, as I mentioned in my previous post (Don't Go Too Extreme When Choosing Keyword For Google Adsense)
, Adsense earnings equal Traffic * Click-Through-Rate (CTR) * Pay-Per-Click (PPC). Given that the traffic and website are unchanged, the only factor that could have to do with his declining earnings should be PPC.

So why is his PPC declining? PPC, as the name told us, is the per-click price that the advertiser is willing to pay to Google in order to get his/her ads display in a favorable place either in Google search engine network or Google content network.(In reality, the PPC will be divided between Google and website publishers. Here for the sake of simplicity, I don’t distinguish between PPC that goes to website publisher and the one that goes to Google). Clearly, the reason that PPC is declining overtime is that the advertiser is paying less and less for Google’s Adwords. Why is that the case? Basically, I think there are three major reasons here.

First, online advertising industry is increasingly competitive. That means, advertising companies need to adopt every means in order to compete with each other. One direct result of the fierce competition between advertising companies is the lower advertising price that companies/individuals could enjoy nowadays, which in the mean time means that poor website publishers have to accept much smaller ad revenues than before.

Second, Google advertising network is evolving rather quickly. No matter the search network, or the content network, the volume of ad places is exploding at an unprecedented pace. As the demand and supply law of economics tells us, higher supply of ad places will lead to lower equilibrium price of ads, which is exactly the case for Google Adwords’ PPC.

Third, advertisers are becoming more and more adept at Google Adwords. As you know, the ad place that one’s ads will display in Google’s advertising network is not only determined by maximum CPC bid, but also by so-called quality score. Quality score is reversely related with the PPC that a company or an individual has to pay for Google Adwords program. That means, the higher the quality score, the lower one has to pay for advertising. Generally speaking, quality score could be largely increased by achieving a high CTR, writing a highly relevant ad text, optimizing the landing page and so on. Nowadays, a lot of people are so good at these techniques that they could actually lower their PPC without sacrificing the advertising effect.

In sum, it’s not surprising that website publishers earn much less from Google Adsense program compared with several years ago. With the increasing competition within the online advertising industry, the continuing thriving Google advertising network, and more and more savvied advertisers, there is not much a website publisher could do to stop the trend. However, it’s not the end of the world. Never forget the equation: Adsense earnings equal Traffic (Or number of visitors) * CTR * PPC.  So, here are my suggestions:

• Never sacrifice quality of content or service for the sake of any kind of short-term gain. It’s the very basic that determines your traffic.

• Never stop optimization and promotion work. Otherwise, your traffic or CTR can’t be high

• Always pay attention to new industry. New industry means not only less competition but also less familiar to advertisers, which might lead higher PPC.
  

Article Submission Or Bookmarking?

For those who want to promote their websites, especially those content-intensive ones, for example, blogs, article submission and bookmarking are both among the most effective means you can take. At first glance, they look roughly the same. But they do have differences. In the following analysis, I’d like to perform some basic comparison between them.

Before I start, I’d like to clarify the meanings of article submitting and bookmarking, respectively.

“Article submitting” means submitting your entire article content to article submission sites. Popular article submission sites include EzineArticles, ArticleBase, GoArticles and so on. To submit your article, you normally need to provide the following information:

• Article title
• Author name
• Author Bio (or called Resource Box)
• Article summary
• Article Body
• Tags
  

“Bookmarking” means submit your article link’s basic information, rather than the entire content, to bookmarking sites. Famous bookmarking sites include Digg, SlashDot, Reddit, Google and so on. To bookmark your sites, you normally need to provide the following information:

• Article title
• Article Link URL
• Article summary
• Tags

So, from what was listed above about article submission and bookmarking, you could easily see that the functions and requirements of the two are indeed different. Let’s try to summarize their two major differences as follows:

• Article submission gives away your content, whereas bookmarking doesn’t. After submitting your article to some other sites, your website is no longer the only place that publishes your article. The visitors who are interested in your article may not need to visit your sites. The article submission sites may publish PPC ads, like Google Adsense, alongside your article on their sites, and the ad revenues all go to their pockets. On the other hand, bookmarking only exposes the link of your article. To visit the full content, the visitors still need to come to your sites.  That means, you are still the sole owner of your article and your website is the only place that publishes your article. (Let’s ignore content piracy issue at this moment).

• The promotion benefit that you get from article submission is the resource box offered by the article submission sites, in which you could list two to three links that you would like to promote. Normally the article submission sites do not allow you to insert any affiliate link in the body of the article. On the other hands, as you only submit the basic link info, rather the entire content, to bookmarking sites, the promotion benefit you get is directly related to the article link the bookmarking sites have bookmarked for you.
  

Arriving here, you may wonder which method you should adopt. Well, there is no definite answer, since it all depends on your own judgment and biggest concern. For example, if you’re concerning about the copyright issue or don’t want someone else to enjoy the ad revenues brought by your articles, the better alternative is bookmarking. If you want your website’s link popularity to be increased more quickly, the more suitable choice for you is article submission. Nevertheless, you could always combine article submission and bookmarking to achieve a maximized benefit.

Don't Go Too Extreme When Choosing Keyword For Google Adsense

Pay-Per-Click (PPC) of keyword for Google Adsense is a hot topic in all webmaster or advertising forums. Some guys blame their low PPC keywords for their humble return. Some guys tend to ask what are the keywords which the highest PPC and plan to build up independent websites or write blogs around them. There are still some guys trying to make money by providing an updated list of keywords sorted from high PPC to low PPC. Needless to say, no one who hopes to make money purely through Google Adsense will be so stupid to choose the keywords with the lowest PPC. However, should the webmasters follow the strategy of targeting the keywords with highest PPC in order to maximize their return?  Not really.

To facilitate your understanding, let’s go through the mechanism of making money from Google AdSense briefly. If a visitor comes to your site and clicks an ad, you and Google will share the revenue from each click, which equals to the Pay-Per-Click price set by some advertiser. Based on this logic, the determinants of your Google AdSense earnings including the followings:

• The traffic of the website. More accurately, the number of unique Visitors of your site. Let’s designate it as N.

• The Click-Through-Rate (CTR) of your ads. 

• The average PPC of the keywords determined by your website content.

So, the total revenue R equals N*CTR*PPC. Obviously, PPC is not the sole factor that determines your return from Google Adsense. You have to maintain a relative high standard of quality of your website and implement effective and continuing promotion strategy, so as to ensure a good deal of traffic. Meanwhile, in order to achieve a satisfactory CTR, you have to make effective use of ad places in your websites and in the meantime not overuse your website’s ad capacity so as not to scare your visitors away. Content quality and relativity are quite important for CTR, too. Thus, although centering your topic or content around keywords with high PPC is quite important, you have to achieve a satisfactory result of your website traffic and CTR as well.

However, a high PPC never means a highest PPC. If you automatically believe a highest PPC will secure a highest return from Google Adsense, normally you are wrong. Based on my own Adsense data, the keywords which bring me the most return accumulatively are those ones who have middle to upper level of PPC, but far from the highest. Because the web pages related to middle to upper level of PPC are, in a statistical sense, always have a much higher amount of traffic and a much higher CTR than those web pages with the keywords whose PPCs are among the highest,  and the traffic and CTR advantages together far outweigh the disadvantage out of a relative low PPC. Of course, this conclusion is purely based on my experience. If your experience is totally different from mine, don’t hesitate to leave your arguments here in the comment section.

Anyway, I suggest you not go too extreme when choosing keyword for your Google Adsense program. My experience tells me that targeting at the keywords with a middle to upper PPC will bring you a much larger return. Why not take a shot?

Customer Is the King

As the saying goes, customer is always the king. This is exactly the case in E-business. It's customers who buy your product or service. It's customers who click your ads. It's customers who spread you reputation throughout the whole internet. Hence, the importance of loyal customers is clear to notice. However, this pivotal fact is forgotten by many of us webmasters. They are busy setting up our websites and filling in various contents. They're addicted in all sorts of cool features online. They're deeply fond of letting various ads appearing in every corner of our sites, which might deter any potential visitors away forever.

But, seldom are there any webmasters who care about their customers. In my view, that's why only a few webmasters can succeed in finding the gold mine of internet, while the majorities are still struggling on the border of giving up. Given the importance of customers to the success of any endeavor, there are at least the following crucial questions that you have to answer.

• Who are your customers? A customer for a business is anyone willing to pay a price to acquire a good or service from a business. Some customers have many different wants and needs - some simple and some very complex. You have to tailor your business to satisfy different level of customers' demands in a pleasant way. Otherwise, they just switch to other E-businesses who provide roughly the same product or service portfolio but satisfy the customers' need in a relatively better way.

• What do they most care about? Some customers care more about price. Some pay more attention to service standard. There are still some others who care about your product or service quality or brand most. Try to understand what they care about most, so as to deploy your business in a most suitable way with regard to their expectation

• How can you reach them? Choosing the right channels to sell to customers is a crucial decision. You need to know how and where customers want to buy your products or services, and the best way of getting customers to hear about them. For some e-businesses, reaching customers is relatively straightforward, for example, go to boutique forums, join keyword targeted campaign program, among which Google Adwords is the most famous among webmasters. However, there are still some other types of e-business for which how to reach the customers is not very clear at the beginning. If this is the case, you have to be more careful to implement anything. Although it's not easy to get where your customers are, this important could never be omitted. In my opinion, in this case consulting some marketing specialist is the most efficient and effective way if you are not expert in marketing.

In brief, customer is the king. You have to make her happy before you can make anyone else happy, including yourself. Get a clear cut understanding of the aforementioned questions at least, and I believe it will largely decrease the probability that you regret later for your wrong decision at first and a huge amount of efforts that secure no return at all.

What Can and Can't CMS Do For You?

There are tons of open source CMSs downloadable in the internet, among which joomla is quite popular among webmasters. Almost all of them claim that they could help even those who know nothing about HTML build a sophisticated dynamic website within several minutes. I agree that's true. With a strong set of core functions, numerous powerful extensions, and a lot of free or bought templates available in somewhere, putting a website live overnight is not difficult at all. CMS is so fantastic that CMS experience is shared in every corner of the webmaster' world. However, before you take advantage of CMS, I think it is better that you are familiar with what can and can't CMS do for you.

First let's go through briefly what CMS can do for you. CMS, as its name tells us, it's a web content publishing and management system that allows normal content originators to create, submit, and publish their content directly within a web application/site without any development tools or knowledge of HTML. Therefore, in principle, CMS is a management tool which could facilitate the maintenance of your website greatly.

However, what I want to elaborate more about is those things that CMS can't do, since we are more like to make mistakes in this regard. Here I summarized several points for your reference.

• CMS couldn't perform design work for you. You have to prepare your template separately, and leave proper slots in the template for the CMS to layout all types of content, including text, image, and video and so on. Although free templates for any kind of CMS are available here and there, it's highly possible that you can't use them as they are and have to adapt them to your need, which cannot be accomplished without a good knowledge of basic HTML and CSS.

• CMS couldn't create content for you. No matter you use CMS or not, you are the originator of unique content and should be held responsible for the quality of content. CMS won't take over the writing job for you. On the contrary, it only help you manage the content created by you.

• CMS couldn't develop ideas for you. The same as content, you are the one who are held responsible for the creativity and marketability of your idea. If you try to delegate this important task to CMS, your failure is then inevitable.

Based on the aforementioned points with regard to what CMS can't do, we could arrive at the following conclusions:

• If you don't know anything about HTML or CSS, don't try to build any independent website, even if CMS and templates, either free or bought, are both available.
  
• If you don't have any sources to acquire unique contents, don't hope CMS will help you become a great writer
• If you don't have any mature and innovative idea in mind, don't try to become an entrepreneur just because you have acquired the skills of manipulating some kind of CMS.

What do you think? Should any thought, don't hesitate to leave your comments here.

Use customized blog templates or not?

Before I kicked off E-Business 101 at blogspot, I benchmarked several blogspot blogs on a random basis. As I noticed, none of them used the pre-installed templates. On the contrary, they chose to use those customized templates, which basically have the following features:

• have more columns 
• have more ad places
• the template style matches their blog subject better

The end goal, needless to say, is hoping to get a larger return from blogging.

Does it really work as they thought? In many famous webmaster forums, I saw a lot of guys told us that their customized templates worked out quite well and they earned quite a lot from their well designed blogs. Well, personally believe them, for two reasons. First,their decent return is there for everyone to see. Second, I have no data at hand to do any comparison. However,more scrutiny won't do you any harm. To help you make a better decision before your decide to switch to customized template, knowing the demerits of customized templates is also very important. I've summaried the following demerits that currently come to mind:

• More workload. You could no longer take advantage of the drag-and-drop feature when you want to add/delete/modify the layout or widgets. Of course, you could find a way to achieve the same layout effect, but the efforts would propably double.
• Less compatibility. That means, whenever Google put forward a trendy feature in future, adjusting your customized template is time-consuming, whereas those who use the default template could easily enjoy the feature with just one click.
• Degraded performance. You have to use some third-party image host for all the images used in your customized pic. Although you have a wide choice regarding to which host to use, the loading speed of your blog is certain to be impacted.
• A greater tendency to over-monetize your blog. With the flexibility of the customized template, many guys tend to over-monetize their blogs. When we open their blogs, we could see ads floating in almost every corner, in and out of their posts. Yes, such density of ads placement will surely get you additional clicks because of careless clicks according to probability theory. However, in the long term, it will damage your blog's reputation and deter new visitors who are so scared by your ads that swear never to return in future.

Writing this post doesn't follow that I don't suggest using the customized blog template for your blog. I just want to encourage you to think more before you decide to switching blog templates. If the benefits it will bring clearly outweigh the negative effects based on a thorough analysis of your situation, go ahead. If otherwise, keep with the default template.

Learn to Control Yourself When Doing E-business

I don't know whether human beings are born greedy. Observations and self experience make me believe this is exactly the case. Despite what goal we set at the beginning, we are always tempted to ask for more. Asking for more is reasonable only if we have met all the requirement of time, money and human resources, and laid a solid foundation already. Unfortunately, in many occasions we forget who we are and where we are completely, so our ultimate failure is inevitable. In this post I’m going to analyze several behaviors that may indicate potential troubles would come to you because of your greediness. If you find your experience more or less match the behaviors I mentioned, I strongly suggest you stop and think seriously.

• Search all kinds of promotion techniques. Such techniques might include search engine submission, directory submission, social bookmarking, SNS, forum signature, link exchange, article sharing, and etc. I don't deny the importance of any of the techniques to promotion. What I'm strongly against is trying to apply every technique you managed to find in each corner of the earth. Almost every business activity, including those in e-business, faces the law of diminishing return, which means, the return will reach the peak and then start to decline once your activity passes a threshold. So, it's quite important that you figure out two or three most pertinent promotion techniques according to the specific situation you're currently in. With the time you save from those unimportant, at least in the current phase, promotion activities, you could focus more attentively on your core business

• Maintain a huge amount of accounts, including, but not limited to, blogging, forum, bookmarking, and affiliate programs. So many accounts might be a clear sign that you are trying to monetize blogging as much as possible, that you're posting many nonsense replies in various forums to get your signature exposed, that you're trying to get your new articles linked by as many bookmarking sites as possible, and that you're trying to find those affiliate programs with the highest payout. The list of crazy activities like these will go on endlessly. If not for a solid foundation you've laid out, such as a clear ambitious goal, high-quality content, search-engine friendly, a stable visitor base and etc, I strongly doubt such activities will bring you more return before you're overwhelmed by the huge workload.

• Can't resist the temptation of "free" content in the internet. As said above, some friends would like to monetize their websites or blogs as much as possible, which demands a great amount of content output in a short timeframe. Obviously this is mission impossible for any single human being. Thus, some of them start to steal other people' or organization's content in an irresponsible way so as to fill in the blank of their website or blog empire. As I said in my earlier post: The Ultimate Determinants of Making Money Online, a roughly efficient market would give a normal market return with a reward to time, money and human resource that you invest. So, don't rely on the ill-conceived thought that those copied content will bring you a desired return, if not a punishment in the end.

In summary, I think learning to control yourself is very important in e-business, as well as any other type of business. My suggestions to all of you, including myself, are as follows:

• Apply only those promotion techniques that will bring the most identifiable return to you in any phase
• Set up accounts that are just enough to match the capacity and targeted market of your business
• Understand the importance of both quantity and quality of your business.
• Don't sacrifice your integrity and code of conduct for the sake of satisfying your greediness

When to build your own website

In the last topic we talked about the ultimate determinants of e-business. We got to know that we should never forget the basics when doing whichever type of business. From now on, I'm going to discuss each small topic with you. Today's topic is: When should we consider building our own website.

When asked why they built their own website from scratch, the answers are always among the followings:

• More flexibility w.r.t design and ad placement
  
• Many open source CMS systems such as joomla make the building of website a piece of cake
  
• With a feeling that independent website can always earn more money than free host such as blogs, wiki and other free hosting providers.
• Others

However, none of the answers listed above ensure that building our own website is a wise decision, that is, will bring us much more return than if we continue to use secondary domain name with free host. Actually, nowadays, bloggers and wordpress are quite effective cash engine for webmasters. You could customize your design. You could almost freely place your ad anywhere in your pages. You could do link building. You could play with social bookmarking. What's more, you could take advantage of some blogging technique, such as auto pinger, to greatly reduce promotion efforts required.

So what on earth determines whether we should consider building our own website? Well, it depends on the competitive advantages of independent website compared with free host service. In my view, the competitive advantages of independent website include the followings:

• Serve as news, company or some other organizations' portal.
  
• Provide service, such as search engine, web directory, blogging, forum, social network service (SNS), and other sorts of service that demands member registration
• E-commerce
• Others...

As you could see, I didn't mention exhibiting unique content as one of the competitive advantages of website. Why? In my view, if you have unique content, putting your content in a blog provided either by wordpress or blogspot is enough for you to achieve as least the same result as if you build your own website. In many cases, the return ensured by free blogs is much higher than independent websites. The reason might include:

• Independent website is more likely to have more general content, which is less friendly to advertising network. On the other hand, blogs usually have a narrow topic on which all the articles are centered.
  
• Independent website is much harder to optimize given the huge workload of an entire site, whereas with a blog you simply need to care about your articles, domain name, and some titles naming.
  
• You have do all on your own for your own website, whereas blogs usually have a lot tools or widgets for you to take advantage of.

In brief, it's very important to think twice before we decide to build an independent website at a certain moment. I made a lot of mistakes in the past because of blind website obsession. I sincerely hope, after reading this article,  you my dear friends, and I as well, could do a better job in future when we need to make a decision on when to build our own websites.

The ultimate determinant of making money online

So many times we see a lot of guys asking how to make money online. Do they really not know how to make money? I doubt that seriously.

In my opinion, what they are really curious about is how to make quick money online. That's why so many guys would like to rush into affiliate programs with high commission rate, spend so many efforts to crash SEO technique, and perform other crazy activities that they might think of. Then. do they really find quick gold in the internet world? I bet 99 percent of them fail to achieve so, despite a lot of time and wisdom being wasted. I don't want to deny the 1 percent chance that there may exist some genius on our earth.

In my view, I don't think there is any quick money in the internet. The market is roughly efficient, which means it will only give any participant a normal return based on his/her investment of time, money or knowledge. Thus, don't make affiliating or SEO become an end in itself. Otherwise, it will only give you a normal return determined by the market, which is almost 0, since these markets are almost saturated after so many years of rapid development. Of course, here I don't deny that they are still among the effective means of serving your end goal in the e-business.

In fact, E-business is the same as any other sort of business. We should never forget the basics of doing business when you're exploring opportunities in the internet. So, what are the basics of doing business? There are many famous theories addressing this problem, for example, the value-chain framework, 4C, 4P, the porter's five forces and so on. Given the purpose of this blog, here I don't want to expand on these specific topics. If you want to get more, google is the right choice for you.

Knowing the basics of doing business well, does it mean that you can enter into the market place immediately? You definitely know the answer is NO. However, in the real life, many of us always make hasty decisions that we regret later.Take myself as an example. Once I thought I found a great idea and wanted to implement it immediately. I rent hosting space, registered a domain name, and spent a whole crazy week to develop the website, only to find that I don't have enough content to fill in the website.

Thus, make sure you think carefully before you move. Do you have a clear idea about what your business is? who are your customers and how to reach them? who are your competitors? how fierce is the competition and so on. What content or service are you going to provide? how do you get your content or service? How are you going to promote your business? The list of pertinent questions will go on. Make sure you could answer all of them before you make a start.

All of us want to make money. But don't be fooled by quick money myth. Otherwise, you'll most probably earn an almost zero return despite of a huge amount of time, money or other resources. No matter how big your online business is, never forget the basics of doing business.

What do we usually do in the internet

No doubt we all want to earn some money from internet. This first post is more like an introduction. I'd like to share with you what do we usually do in the internet, so as to lay a foundation for our further discussion about each specific detail.

First, we are involved in the internet either full-time or part-time. Full-time means you're either an internet entrepreneur or a full-time employee in an internet company. With regard to part-time, like me, we just explore all kinds of possibilities that will bring us some extra return in addition to our fixed wages and in the meantime won't take us too much time.

Second, we can either do e-commerce or advertising. I bet e-commerce can't sound more familiar to you, right? Rent a host and domain name, pile up stock of some goods, either real or virtual, buy or use open source e-commerce solution, and there you go.

Talking about advertising, we can either build our own website or using some third party platforms. If we build our own website, what do we usually provide? Without question, either content or service. Content could fall in any market niche you would like to work with. Service could come in any form such as search engine, position service, blogging service, bookmarking service and so on. For the third party platforms, I mean those blog service providers, among which wordpress and bloggers are the most famous, and all categories of ad revenue share sites, such as digitalpoint, sitepoint, docstoc and so on. Then, what types of ad we could provide? CPC, CPA, CPM and so on. Here I don't want to give examples for each type of ads. If you want to get more, please take a look at the following site I randomely picked from google: http://www.affiliateseeking.com/netwo/23000002/1.html

OK I'll stop here. What's written above is just a rough introduction of the scope that my following articles will fall into. Welcome back to this blog to find out any update that might be interesting to you.

Thanks for your attention